 Pope Urban III: Open war with empires on all frontsInstallment Fifty-one
&nbp;&nbp; It was at Verona on November 25, 1185 that Pope Lucius III died and it was on that very same day that the College of Cardinals unanimously elected his successor Cardinal Umberto Crivelli as the one hundred and seventy second in the line of Peter. He took the name Pope Urban III keeping in line with his two predecessors of taking a pontiff who was the third - Eugene, Alexander, and Lucius. Urban had been made a cardinal by Lucius III in 1182 and elevated to Archbishop of Milan in early 1185. Now the people of Milan could rejoice that one of their own was supreme pontiff. Past popes had been elected in an effort to appease the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. With Urban the conclave took a different tact. Seeing Frederick’s unreasonableness with Lucius, they realized Urban would not cow-tow to the emperor’s demands. Urban, as it turned out was dead-set against Frederick for it was the latter who ransacked his beloved city of Milan in 1162 and had tortured his family. Nevertheless, in the interest of protocol he sent a letter to Frederick offering to reopen talks with him regarding the issues left unsettled with Lucius III. Like Lucius, Urban III was strongly opposed to the marriage of Frederick’s son Henry to the daughter of King Roger of Sicily - Constance. To make matters worse the wedding took place on January 4, 1186 in the new Pope’s own beloved city of Milan. Urban refused to acknowledge it and Frederick turned to the Patriarch of Aquileia to perform the ceremony and crown Henry "King of Italy." Urban, in turn, excommunicated the patriarch and all bishops who took part. This further strained Norman relations with the Holy See which had enjoyed their support for nearly two full centuries. It marked the end of an alliance and the beginning of a bitter strife between the Germans and the Papal States. Frederick had gained the upper hand with his own German bishops who he controlled and often elected and they voiced disapproval over Urban’s actions with a strong letter to the Pope in November 1186. But Urban refused to compromise. Frederick retaliated by closing off the mountain passes to Papal envoys and commissioned Henry to attack the Papal States. Urban countered by demanding the emperor present himself at a tribunal in Verona or face excommunication. Frederick reacted by isolating the Pope and his curia in Verona, not allowing rations or envoys to pass inside the walls of the city. Realizing he no longer held the upper hand and seeing the united support of the German bishops behind the powerful Frederick, Urban was forced to concede somewhat and named German Archbishop Wichman of Magdeburg as a mediator to settle the issues. This satisfied Frederick and he sent indication of a truce. But Urban, still fostering deep resentment towards him and the power struggle between the two, let it be known that he would excommunicate the emperor once he arrived. Civil authorities in Verona, loyal to the emperor because of financial and political reasons, caught wind of this and alerted Urban he could no longer stay in their city. Thus, Urban sent Frederick an invitation to meet him at Ferrara, but the Holy Father fell ill along the way, and died on October 20, 1187 before he reached Ferrara. His death was truly a blessing in disguise for had they met historians truly believe it would have been all-out war and Frederick’s strength would have decimated the Holy See. As it was, the conclave would elect a more dove-like Pope who would use a different tact than the disastrous one employed by Urban III. Urban’s body was buried at the Cathedral in Ferrara.
Despite Urban’s faults and terrible diplomacy in his bitter struggle with Frederick, he did accomplish a few things during his nearly two-year papacy. He made great strides in planting the seeds for another crusade to the Holy Lands which would be carried out by his next two successors. He wept bitterly when he learned the Saracens had taken possession of Jerusalem for he had given tremendous attention and privileges to the Knights Hospitallers who were defeated. One of the main problems of Urban’s pontificate was not just his personal vendetta against Frederick, but his alienation of the bishops who he seemed to fight at every turn - not just in Italy and Germany, but also in England and France. Too often Urban abused his throne of Peter to threaten excommunication in order to get his way and, in the end, it backfired badly on him. Though, at times, these threats prevented further wars, such as the war between England and France which, out of fear of being driven from the Church or set upon by a larger army, both nations called a truce which lasted two years. Besides Frederick, Urban III had a long-standing and bitter fued with Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury who the Pope had sided against in a dispute with the monks of the Archbishop’s cathedral in England. This infuriated Baldwin who spent every second trying to gain revenge by trying to influence kings and noblemen against the Pope. This did not help Urban’s popularity and turned one of his own allies - King Philip of France against him. The bishops, united behind their king, joined in their protest of Urban’s policies and, in the end, it brought this pope down and signaled the College of Cardinal’s experiment of electing a forceful pontiff who was opposed to the mighty rulers as a total failure. They would not make that mistake again when they gathered quickly at Ferrara to elect Urban’s successor as we shall see in next week's installment.
NEXT ISSUE: Pope Gregory VIII: The start of reconciliation and restoration
To review all past installments of this on-going series, go to Archives beginning with the inaugural A CALL TO PEACE internet issue in January 1996. volume 7, no. 1.
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INTRODUCTION: While Pope Lucius III had been against Frederick's tactics from the standpoint of Holy Mother Church, his successor Pope Urban III made it a personal vendetta against Frederick and that contributed to the pontiff's downfall as all of Europe railed over the excommunication threats Urban held over those who would not agree with his policies, regardless if they were political, cultural or spiritual. Kings and noblemen, who had once been the Pope's allies, turned against him and, had it not been for the hand of God in taking Urban before he reached Ferrara, quite possibly the Church would have been greatly damaged by retaliation from Frederick's superior forces. There is a great possibility, confirmed by historians, that Rome would have been destroyed and the Church badly defeated. Urban's papacy was an experiment by the College of Cardinals that went awry, badly awry. The conclave would learn from their mistake in the next election.
